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functional block diagram + + + + + 50 50 10k 10k 10k 10k v b ?nput ?ain sense +input ?ain drive +gain sense +gain drive sense output reference ad625 rev. d information furnished by analog devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. however, no responsibility is assumed by analog devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. no license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of analog devices. a programmable gain instrumentation amplifier ad625 one technology way, p.o. box 9106, norwood, ma 02062-9106, u.s.a. tel: 781/329-4700 world wide web site: http://www.analog.com fax: 781/326-8703 ? analog devices, inc., 2000 features user programmed gains of 1 to 10,000 low gain error: 0.02% max low gain tc: 5 ppm/ c max low nonlinearity: 0.001% max low offset voltage: 25 v low noise 4 nv/ hz (at 1 khz) rti gain bandwidth product: 25 mhz 16-lead ceramic or plastic dip package, 20-terminal lcc package standard military drawing available mll-standard parts available low cost product description the ad625 is a precision instrumentation amplifier specifically designed to fulfill two major areas of application: 1) circuits re- quiring nonstandard gains (i.e., gains not easily achievable with devices such as the ad524 and ad624). 2) circuits requiring a low cost, precision software programmable gain amplifier. for low noise, high cmrr, and low drift the ad625jn is the most cost effective instrumentation amplifier solution available. an additional three resistors allow the user to set any gain from 1 to 10,000. the error contribution of the ad625jn is less than 0.05% gain error and under 5 ppm/ c gain tc; performance limitations are primarily determined by the external resistors. common-mode rejection is independent of the feedback resistor matching. a software programmable gain amplifier (spga) can be config- ured with the addition of a cmos multiplexer (or other switch network), and a suitable resistor network. because the on resistance of the switches is removed from the signal path, an ad625 based spga will deliver 12-bit precision, and can be programmed for any set of gains between 1 and 10,000, with completely user selected gain steps. for the highest precision the ad625c offers an input offset voltage drift of less than 0.25 v/ c, output offset drift below 15 v/ c, and a maximum nonlinearity of 0.001% at g = 1. all grades exhibit excellent ac performance; a 25 mhz gain band- width product, 5 v/ s slew rate and 15 s settling time. the ad625 is available in three accuracy grades (a, b, c) for industrial (?0 c to +85 c) temperature range, two grades (j, k) for commercial (0 c to +70 c) temperature range, and one (s) grade rated over the extended (?5 c to +125 c) tempera- ture range. product highlights 1. the ad625 affords up to 16-bit precision for user selected fixed gains from 1 to 10,000. any gain in this range can be programmed by 3 external resistors. 2. a 12-bit software programmable gain amplifier can be config- ured using the ad625, a cmos multiplexer and a resistor network. unlike previous instrumentation amplifier designs, the on resistance of a cmos switch does not affect the gain accuracy. 3. the gain accuracy and gain temperature coefficient of the amplifier circuit are primarily dependent on the user selected external resistors. 4. the ad625 provides totally independent input and output offset nulling terminals for high precision applications. this minimizes the effects of offset voltage in gain-ranging applications. 5. the proprietary design of the ad625 provides input voltage noise of 4 nv/ hz at 1 khz. 6. external resistor matching is not required to maintain high common-mode rejection.
ad625a/j/s ad625b/k ad625c model min typ max min typ max min typ max unit gain gain equation 2 r f r g + 1 2 r f r g + 1 2 r f r g + 1 gain range 1 10,000 1 10,000 1 110,000 gain error 1 .035 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 % nonlinearity, gain = 1-256 0.005 0.002 0.001 % gain>256 0.01 0.008 0.005 % gain vs. temp. gain<1000 1 5 5 5 ppm/ c gain sense input gain sense current 300 500 150 250 50 100 na vs. temperature 5 20 2 15 2 10 na/ c gain sense offset current 150 500 75 250 50 100 na vs. temperature 2 15 1 10 2 10 na/ c voltage offset (may be nulled) input offset voltage 50 200 25 50 10 25 v vs. temperature 1 2/ 2 0.25 0.50/1 0.1 0.25 v/ c output offset voltage 4 5 2 3 1 2 mv vs. temperature 20 50/ 50 10 25/ 40 10 15 v/ c offset referred to the input vs. supply g = 1 70 75 75 85 80 90 db g = 10 85 95 90 100 95 105 db g = 100 95 100 105 110 110 120 db g = 1000 100 110 110 120 115 140 db input current input bias current 30 50 20 25 10 15 na vs. temperature 50 50 50 pa/ c input offset current 2 35 1 15 1 5 na vs. temperature 20 20 20 pa/ c input input impedance differential resistance 1 1 1 g ? differential capacitance 4 4 4 pf common-mode resistance 1 1 1 g ? common-mode capacitance 4 4 4 pf input voltage range differ. input linear (v dl ) 2 10 10 10 v common-mode linear (v cm ) 12 v g 2 v d ( ) 12 v g 2 v d ( ) 12 v g 2 v d ( ) common-mode rejection ratio dc to 60 hz with 1 k ? source imbalance g = 1 70 75 75 85 80 90 db g = 10 90 95 90 105 100 115 db g = 100 100 105 105 115 110 125 db g = 1000 110 115 110 125 120 140 db output rating 10 v 10 v 10 v @ 5 ma @ 5 ma @ 5 ma dynamic response small signal 3 db g = 1 (r f = 20 k ? ) 650 650 650 khz g = 10 400 400 400 khz g = 100 150 150 150 khz g = 1000 25 25 25 khz slew rate 5.0 5.0 5.0 v/ s settling time to 0.01%, 20 v step g = 1 to 200 15 15 15 s g = 500 35 35 35 s g = 1000 75 75 75 s ad625?pecifications (typical @ v s = 15 v, r l = 2 k and t a = + 25 c, unless otherwise noted) rev. d C2C
ad625 ad625a/j/s ad625b/k ad625c model min typ max min typ max min typ max unit noise voltage noise, 1 khz r.t.i. 4 4 4 nv/ hz r.t.o. 75 75 75 nv/ hz r.t.i., 0.1 hz to 10 hz g = 1 10 10 10 v p-p g = 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 v p-p g = 100 0.3 0.3 0.3 v p-p g = 1000 0.2 0.2 0.2 v p-p current noise 0.1 hz to 10 hz 60 60 60 pa p-p sense input r in 10 10 10 k ? i in 30 30 30 a voltage range 10 10 10 v gain to output 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 % reference input r in 20 20 20 k ? i in 30 30 30 a voltage range 10 10 10 v gain to output 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 % temperature range specified performance j/k grades 0 +70 0 +70 c a/b/c grades 40 +85 40 +85 40 +85 c s grade 55 +125 c storage 65 +150 65 +150 65 +150 c power supply power supply range 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 v quiescent current 3.5 5 3.5 5 3.5 5 ma notes 1 gain error and gain tc are for the ad625 only. resistor network errors will add to the specified errors. 2 v dl is the maximum differential input voltage at g = 1 for specified nonlinearity. v dl at other gains = 10 v/g. v d = actual differential input voltage. example: g = 10, v d = 0.50; v cm = 12 v (10/2 0.50 v) = 9.5 v. specifications subject to change without notice. all min and max specifications are guaranteed. specifications shown in boldface are tested on all production units at final electrical test. results from those tests are used to calculate outgoing quality levels. rev. d C3C
ad625 rev. d C4C pin connections ceramic dip (d) and plastic dip (n) packages top view (not to scale) nc = no connect +input input ad625 +gain sense gain sense rti null rto null rti null rto null +gain drive gain drive nc sense reference v out v s +v s 10k 10k +v s v s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 leadless chip carrier (e) package 20 19 1 2 3 18 14 15 16 17 4 5 6 7 8 910111213 top view (not to scale) ad625 rti null rti null nc +gain drive nc rto null rto null nc gain null sense nc = no connect +input reference v s nc +v s nc +gain sense gain sense v out input absolute maximum ratings* supply voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 v internal power dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 mw input voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v s differential input voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v s output short circuit duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . indefinite storage temperature range (d, e) . . . . . . . . 65 c to +150 c storage temperature range (n) . . . . . . . . . . 65 c to +125 c caution esd (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. electrostatic charges as high as 4000 v readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. although the ad625 features proprietary esd protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high-energy electrostatic discharges. therefore, proper esd precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality. warning! esd sensitive device ordering guide model temperature range package description package option ad625ad 40 c to +85 c 16-lead ceramic dip d-16 ad625bd 40 c to +85 c 16-lead ceramic dip d-16 ad625bd/+ 40 c to +85 c 16-lead ceramic dip d-16 ad625cd 40 c to +85 c 16-lead ceramic dip d-16 ad625sd 55 c to +125 c 16-lead ceramic dip d-16 ad625sd/883b 55 c to +125 c 16-lead ceramic dip d-16 ad625se/883b 55 c to +125 c 20-terminal leadless chip carrier e-20a ad625jn 0 c to +70 c 16-lead plastic dip n-16 ad625kn 0 c to +70 c 16-lead plastic dip n-16 ad625achips 40 c to +85 cdie ad625schips 55 c to +125 cdie 5962-87719012a* 55 c to +125 c 20-terminal leadless chip carrier e-20a 5962-8771901ea* 55 c to +125 c 16-lead ceramic dip d-16 *standard military drawing available operating temperature range ad625j/k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 c to +70 c ad625a/b/c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 c to +85 c ad625s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 c to +125 c lead temperature range (soldering 10 sec) . . . . . . . . +300 c *stresses above those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause perma- nent damage to the device. this is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
supply voltage v input voltage range v 20 0 15 10 5 0 5101520 25 c figure 1. input voltage range vs. supply voltage, g = 1 frequency hz cmrr dm 160 0 10 100 1k 10k 100k 10m 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 g = 1000 g = 100 g = 10 g = 1 figure 4. cmrr vs. frequency rti, zero to 1 k ? source imbal- ance warm-up time minutes v os from final value v 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 figure 7. offset voltage, rti, turn on drift supply voltage v output voltage swing v 20 0 15 10 5 0 5101520 figure 2. output voltage swing vs. supply voltage frequency hz full power response v p-p 30 1k 20 10 0 10k 100k 1m g = 500 g = 1, 100 g = 1000 g = 100 bandwidth limited figure 5. large signal frequency response frequency hz power supply rejection db 160 10 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 1k 10k 100k v s = 15v dc+ 1v p-p sinewave g = 500 g = 100 g = 1 figure 8. negative psrr vs. frequency load resistance output voltage swing v p-p 30 10 20 10 0 100 1k 10k figure 3. output voltage swing vs. load resistance frequency hz gain 100 1000 100 10 1 1k 10k 100k 1m 10m figure 6. gain vs. frequency frequency hz power supply rejection db 160 10 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 1k 10k 100k +v s = +15v dc+ 1v p-p sinewave g = 500 g = 100 g = 1 figure 9. positive psrr vs. frequency typical performance characteristics a d625 rev. d C5C
ad625 rev. d C6C temperature c input current na 40 125 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 75 25 25 75 125 figure 10. input bias current vs. temperature supply voltage v amplifier quiescent current a 8.0 0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0 5101520 figure 13. quiescent current vs. supply voltage figure 16. low frequency voltage noise, g = 1 (system gain = 1000) +v s v s ad625 10v v out figure 11. overrange and gain switching test circuit (g = 8, g = 1) frequency hz volt nsd nv/ hz 1 1000 100 10 1 0.1 10 100 1k 10k 100k g = 1 g = 10 g = 100, 1000 g = 1000 figure 14. rti noise spectral density vs. gain +v s v s ad625 dut v s 1/2 +v s 1/2 ad712 1 f 1 f 1 f 16.2k 100 g = 1000 g = 1, 10, 100 1k 1.62m 9.09k 1.82k 16.2k ad712 figure 17. noise test circuit figure 12. gain overrange recovery frequency hz current noise spectral density fa/ hz 100k 1 10k 1k 100 10 10 100 1k 10k 100k figure 15. input current noise figure 18. low frequency voltage noise, g = 1000 (system gain = 100,000)
ad625 rev. d C7C figure 19. large signal pulse response and settling time, g = 1 figure 22. large signal pulse response and settling time, g = 10 settling time s 12 to 12 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8 to 8 4 to 4 output step v 4 to 4 8 to 8 12 to 12 g = 1 g = 100 g = 1000 g = 1000 g = 100 g = 1 figure 20. settling time to 0.01% +v s v s ad625 200 0.1% 500 0.1% 1k 0.1% input 20v p-p 100k 0.1% 10k 1% 1k 10t 10k 1% v out figure 23. settling time test circuit figure 21. large signal pulse response and settling time, g = 100 figure 24. large signal pulse response and settling time, g = 1000
ad625 rev. d C8C theory of operation the ad625 is a monolithic instrumentation amplifier based on a modification of the classic three-op-amp approach. monolithic construction and laser-wafer-trimming allow the tight matching and tracking of circuit components. this insures the high level of performance inherent in this circuit architecture. a preamp section (q1 q4) provides additional gain to a1 and a2. feedback from the outputs of a1 and a2 forces the collec- tor currents of q1 q4 to be constant, thereby, impressing the input voltage across r g . this creates a differential voltage at the outputs of a1 and a2 which is given by the gain (2r f /r g + 1) times the differential portion of the input voltage. the unity gain subtracter, a3, removes any common-mode signal from the output voltage yielding a single ended output, v out , referred to the potential at the reference pin. the value of r g is the determining factor of the transconduc- tance of the input preamp stage. as r g is reduced for larger gains the transconductance increases. this has three important advantages. first, this approach allows the circuit to achieve a very high open-loop gain of (3 10 8 at programmed g ains 500) thus reducing gain related errors. second, the gain-bandwidth product, which is determined by c3, c4, and the input trans- conductance, increases with gain, thereby, optimizing frequency response. third, the input voltage noise is reduced to a value determined by the collector current of the input transistors (4 nv/ hz ). input protection differential input amplifiers frequently encounter input voltages outside of their linear range of operation. there are two consid- erations when applying input protection for the ad625; 1) that continuous input current must be limited to less than 10 ma and 2) that input voltages must not exceed either supply by more than one diode drop (approximately 0.6 v @ 25 c). under differential overload conditions there is (r g + 100) ? in series with two diode drops (approximately 1.2 v) between the plus and minus inputs, in either direction. with no external protec- tion and r g very small (i.e., 40 ? ), the maximum overload voltage the ad625 can withstand, contin uously, is a pproximately 2.5 v. figure 26a shows the external components necessary to protect the ad625 under all overload conditions at any gain. v b + gain drive gain drive r f r f r g 50 a50 a c3 c4 a1 a2 10k 10k 50 gain sense gain sense q1, q3 q2, q4 50 50 a50 a 10k 10k in +v s v s +in sense v o ref figure 25. simplified circuit of the ad625 the diodes to the supplies are only necessary if input voltages outside of the range of the supplies are encountered. in higher gain applications where differential voltages are small, back-to- back zener diodes and smaller resistors, as shown in figure 26b, provides adequate protection. figure 26c shows low cost fets with a maximum on resistance of 300 ? configured to offer input protection with minimal degradation to noise, (5.2 nv/ hz compared to normal noise performance of 4 nv/ hz ). during differential overload conditions, excess current will flow through the gain sense lines (pins 2 and 15). this will have no effect in fixed gain applications. however, if the ad625 is being used in an spga application with a cmos multiplexer, this current should be taken into consideration. the current capa- bilities of the multiplexer may be the limiting factor in allowable overflow current. the on resistance of the switch should be included as part of r g when calculating the necessary input protection resistance. ad625 +v s v s r f r g r f fd333 fd333 fd333 fd333 in +in 1.4k 1.4k v out figure 26a. input protection circuit ad625 +v s v s r f r g r f fd333 fd333 fd333 in +in 500 v out fd333 1n5837a 1n5837a 500 figure 26b. input protection circuit for g > 5 ad625 +v s v s r f r g r f fd333 in +in v out fd333 fd333 fd333 2k 2n5952 2k 2n5952 figure 26c. input protection circuit
ad625 rev. d C9C any resistors in series with the inputs of the ad625 will degrade the noise performance. for this reason the circuit in figure 26b should be used if the gains are all greater than 5. for gains less than 5, either the circuit in figure 26a or in figure 26c can be used. the two 1.4 k ? resistors in figure 26a will degrade the noise performance to: 4 ktr ext + (4 nv / hz ) 2 = 7.9 nv / hz resistor programmable gain amplifier in the resistor-programmed mode (figure 27), only three exter- nal resistors are needed to select any gain from 1 to 10,000. depending on the application, discrete components or a pretrimmed network can be used. the gain accuracy and gain tc are primarily determined by the external resistors since the ad625c contributes less than 0.02% to gain error and under 5 ppm/ c gain tc. the gain sense current is insensitive to common-mode voltage, making the cmrr of the resistor pro- grammed ad625 independent of the match of the two feedback resistors, r f . selecting resistor values as previously stated each r f provides feedback to the input stage and sets the unity gain transconductance. these feedback resistors are provided by the user. the ad625 is tested and specified with a value of 20 k ? for r f . since the magnitude of rto errors increases with increasing feedback resistance, values much above 20 k ? are not recommended (values below 10 k ? for r f may lead to instability). refer to the graph of rto noise, offset, drift, and bandwidth (figure 28) when selecting the feedback resistors. the gain resistor (r g ) is determined by the formula r g = 2 r f /(g l). +gain sense gain sense +input input rti null rti null rto null rto null +v s +gain drive gain drive r f r g r f nc ref v s v out +v s g = +1 2r f r g a1 a2 ad625 10k 10k 10k 10k a3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 figure 27. ad625 in fixed gain configuration a list of standard resistors which can be used to set some com- mon gains is shown in table i. for single gain applications, only one offset null adjust is neces- sary; in these cases the rti null should be used. rto offset voltage drift 6 5 4 3 2 1 60k 50k 40k 30k 20k 10k multiplying factor bandwidth 1m 100k 10k 1 10 100 1k frequency hz 10k 20k 50k feedback resistance feedback resistance rto noise rto offset voltage 300 200 100 3 2 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k voltage noise nv hz multiplying factor feedback resistance feedback resistance figure 28. rto noise, offset, drift and bandwidth vs. feedback resistance normalized to 20 k ? table i. common gains nominally within 0.5% error using standard 1% resistors gain r f r g 1 20 k ? 2 19.6 k ? 39.2 k ? 5 20 k ? 10 k ? 10 20 k ? 4.42 k ? 20 20 k ? 2.1 k ? 50 19.6 k ? 806 ? 100 20 k ? 402 ? 200 20.5 k ? 205 ? 500 19.6 k ? 78.7 ? 1000 19.6 k ? 39.2 ? 4 20 k ? 13.3 k ? 8 19.6 k ? 5.62 k ? 16 20 k ? 2.67 k ? 32 19.6 k ? 1.27 k ? 64 20 k ? 634 ? 128 20 k ? 316 ? 256 19.6 k ? 154 ? 512 19.6 k ? 76.8 ? 1024 19.6 k ? 38.3 ? sense terminal the sense terminal is the feedback point for the ad625 output amplifier. normally it is connected directly to the output. if heavy load currents are to be drawn through long leads, voltage drops through lead resistance can cause errors. in these in- stances the sense terminal can be wired to the load thus putting
ad625 rev. d C10C the i r drops inside the loop and virtually eliminating this error source. typically, ic instrumentation amplifiers are rated for a full 10 volt output swing into 2 k ? . in some applications, however, the need exists to drive more current into heavier loads. figure 29 shows how a high-current booster may be connected inside the loop of an instrumentation amplifier. by using an external power boosting circuit, the power dissipated by the ad625 will remain low, thereby, minimizing the errors induced by self- heating. the effects of nonlinearities, offset and gain inaccura- cies of the buffer are reduced by the loop gain of the ad625 s output amplifier. ad625 +v s v s r f r g r f v in + v in r i sense reference x1 figure 29. ad625 /instrumentation amplifier with output current booster reference terminal the reference terminal may be used to offset the output by up to 10 v. this is useful when the load is floating or does not share a ground with the rest of the system. it also provides a direct means of injecting a precise offset. however, it must be remembered that the total output swing is 10 volts, from ground, to be shared between signal and reference offset. the ad625 reference terminal must be presented with nearly zero impedance. any significant resistance, including those caused by pc layouts or other connection techniques, will in- crease the gain of the noninverting signal path, thereby, upset- ting the common-mode rejection of the in-amp. inadvertent thermocouple connections created in the sense and reference lines should also be avoided as they will directly affect the out- put offset voltage and output offset voltage drift. in the ad625 a reference source resistance will unbalance the cmr trim by the ratio of 10 k ? /r ref . for example, if the refer- ence source impedance is 1 ? , cmr will be reduced to 80 db (10 k ? /1 ? = 80 db). an operational amplifier may be used to provide the low impedance reference point as shown in figure 30. the input offset voltage characteristics of that amplifier will add directly to the output offset voltage performance of the instrumentation amplifier. the circuit of figure 30 also shows a cmos dac operating in the bipolar mode and connected to the reference terminal to provide software controllable offset adjustments. the total offset range is equal to (v ref /2 r5/r4), however, to be symmetri- cal about 0 v r3 = 2 r4. the offset per bit is equal to the total offset range divided by 2 n , where n = number of bits of the dac. the range of offset for figure 30 is 120 mv, and the offset is incremented in steps of 0.9375 mv/lsb. ad625 +v s v s v out sense ad7502 a 0 a 1 e n gnd v dd v ss +in in 1/2 ad712 1/2 ad712 reference v ref ad589 1.2v v s 39k msb lsb data inputs cs wr +v s ad7524 8-bit dac r fb c 1 out 1 out 2 +v s r4 10k r3 20k 5k v s r5 2k 0.01 f figure 30. software controllable offset an instrumentation amplifier can be turned into a voltage-to- current converter by taking advantage of the sense and reference terminals as shown in figure 31. ad625 r f r g r f v in + v in sense i l ad711 load +v x r1 figure 31. voltage-to-current converter by establishing a reference at the low side of a current setting resistor, an output current may be defined as a function of input voltage, gain and the value of that resistor. since only a small current is demanded at the input of the buffer amplifier a1, the forced current i l will largely flow through the load. offset and drift specifications of a2 must be added to the output offset and drift specifications of the in-amp. input and output offset voltage offset voltage specifications are often considered a figure of merit for instrumentation amplifiers. while initial offset may be adjusted to zero, shifts in offset voltage due to temperature variations will cause errors. intelligent systems can often correct for this factor with an autozero cycle, but this requires extra circuitry.
ad625 rev. d C11C offset voltage and offset voltage drift each have two compo- nents: input and output. input offset is that component of offset that is generated at the input stage. measured at the output it is directly proportional to gain, i.e., input offset as measured at the output at g = 100 is 100 times greater than that measured at g = 1. output offset is generated at the output and is constant for all gains. the input offset and drift are multiplied by the gain, while the output terms are independent of gain, therefore, input errors dominate at high gains and output errors dominate at low gains. the output offset voltage (and drift) is normally specified at g = 1 (where input effects are insignificant), while input offset (and drift) is given at a high gain (where output effects are negli- gible). all input-related parameters are specified referred to the input (rti) which is to say that the effect on the output is g times larger. offset voltage vs. power supply is also specified as an rti error. by separating these errors, one can evaluate the total error inde- pendent of the gain. for a given gain, both errors can be com- bined to give a total error referred to the input (rti) or output (rto) by the following formula: total error rti = input error + (output error/gain) total error rto = (gain input error) + output error the ad625 provides for both input and output offset voltage adjustment. this simplifies nulling in very high precision appli- cations and minimizes offset voltage effects in switched gain applications. in such applications the input offset is adjusted first at the highest programmed gain, then the output offset is adjusted at g = 1. if only a single null is desired, the input offset null should be used. the most additional drift when using only the input offset null is 0.9 v/ c, rto. common-mode rejection common-mode rejection is a measure of the change in output voltage when both inputs are changed by equal amounts. these specifications are usually given for a full-range input voltage change and a specified source imbalance. in an instrumentation amplifier, degradation of common-mode rejection is caused by a differential phase shift due to differences in distributed stray capacitances. in many applications shielded cables are used to minimize noise. this technique can create ad625 +v s v s r f r g r f sense reference ad711 v out +input input 100 figure 32. common-mode shield driver common-mode rejection errors unless the shield is properly driven. figures 32 and 33 show active data guards which are configured to improve ac common-mode rejection by boot- strapping the capacitances of the input cabling, thus minimiz- ing differential phase shift. ad625 +v s v s r f r g r f ad712 100 100 v out sense reference input +input v s figure 33. differential shield driver grounding in order to isolate low level analog signals from a noisy digital environment, many data-acquisition components have two or more ground pins. these grounds must eventually be tied to- gether at one point. it would be convenient to use a single ground line, however, current through ground wires and pc runs of the circuit card can cause hundreds of millivolts of error. therefore, separate ground returns should be provided to mini- mize the current flow from the sensitive points to the system ground (see figure 34). since the ad625 output voltage is developed with respect to the potential on the reference termi- nal, it can solve many grounding problems. ad625 ad7502 v s +v s v s +v s ad583 sample and hold hold cap v s +v s input signal status analog out v s +v s digital common v logic analog power ground ad574a a/d converter figure 34. basic grounding practice for a data acquisition system
ad625 rev. d C12C ground returns for bias currents input bias currents are those currents necessary to bias the input transistors of a dc amplifier. there must be a direct return path for these currents, otherwise they will charge external capaci- tances, causing the output to drift uncontrollably or saturate. therefore, when amplifying floating input sources such as transformers, or ac-coupled sources, there must be a dc path from each input to ground as shown in figure 35. ad625 +v s v s r f r g r f v out load to power supply ground sense reference figure 35a. ground returns for bias currents with transformer coupled inputs ad625 +v s v s r f r g r f v out load to power supply ground sense reference figure 35b. ground returns for bias currents with thermocouple input ad625 +v s v s r f r g r f v out load to power supply ground sense reference 100k 100k figure 35c. ground returns for bias currents with ac coupled inputs autozero circuits in many applications it is necessary to maintain high accuracy. at room temperature, offset effects can be nulled by the use of offset trimpots. over the operating temperature range, however, offset nulling becomes a problem. for these applications the autozero circuit of figure 36 provides a hardware solution. other considerations one of the more overlooked problems in designing ultralow- drift dc amplifiers is thermocouple induced offset. in a circuit comprised of two dissimilar conductors (i.e., copper, kovar), a current flows when the two junctions are at different tempera- tures. when this circuit is broken, a voltage known as the seebeck or thermocouple emf can be measured. standard ic lead material (kovar) and copper form a thermocouple with a high thermoelectric potential (about 35 v c). this means that care must be taken to insure that all connections (especially those in the input circuit of the ad625) remain isothermal. this includes the input leads (1, 16) and the gain sense lines (2, 15). these pins were chosen for symmetry, helping to desensitize the input circuit to thermal gradients. in addition, the user should also avoid air currents over the circuitry since slowly fluctuating ad625 +v s v s ad7502 gnd v dd v ss 15 16 13 14 v dd v ss gnd ad7510dikd a1 a2 a3 a4 200 s zero pulse ad711 + v in 0.1 f low leakage 1k 12 11 9 10 v out figure 36. auto-zero circuit thermocouple voltages will appear as flicker noise. in spga applications relay contacts and cmos mux leads are both potential sources of additional thermocouple errors. the base emitter junction of an input transistor can rectify out of band signals (i.e., rf interference). when amplifying small signals, these rectified voltages act as small dc offset errors. the ad625 allows direct access to the input transistors bases and emitters enabling the user to apply some first order filtering to these unwanted signals. in figure 37, the rc time constant should be chosen for desired attenuation of the interfering signals. in the case of a resistive transducer, the capacitance alone work- ing against the internal resistance of the transducer may suffice. +gain sense +in in rti null rti null rto null rto null +v +gain drive gain drive r f r g r f nc ref v s v out +v s a1 a2 ad625 10k 10k 10k 10k a3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 filter cap r r filter cap c c gain sense +in sense v out in figure 37. circuit to attenuate rf interference
ad625 rev. d C13C v in + 12-bit das 10k 10k ad625 10k 10k v s input gain sense gain drive +gain drive +gain sense +input 20k 15.6k 3.9k 975k 650k 975k 3.9k 20k 15.6k c s c s i s i s i out i out c out c out r on r on c s-out c s-out figure 39. spga with multiplexer error sources figure 39 shows a complete spga feeding a 12-bit das with a 0 v 10 v input range. this configuration was used in the error budget analysis shown in table ii. the gain used for the rti calculations is set at 16. as the gain is changed, the on resis- tance of the multiplexer and the feedback resistance will change, which will slightly alter the values in the table. table ii. errors induced by multiplexer to an spga induced specifications voltage offset error ad625c ad7520kn calculation induced rti rti offset gain sense switch 40 na 170 ? = 6.8 v voltage offset resistance 6.8 v current 170 ? 40 na rti offset gain sense differential 60 na 6.8 ? = 0.41 v voltage current switch 0.41 v 60 na resistance 6.8 ? rto offset feedback differential 2 (0.2 na 20 k ? ) 0.5 v voltage resistance leakage = 8 v/16 20 k ? 1 current (i s ) 2 +0.2 na 0.2 na rto offset feedback differential 2 (1 na 20 k ? ) 2.5 v voltage resistance leakage = 40 v/16 20 k ? 1 current (i out ) 2 +1 na 1 na total error induced by a typical cmos multiplexer to an spga at +25 c 10.21 a notes 1 the resistor for this calculation is the user-provided feedback resistance (r f ). 20 k ? is recommended value (see resistor programmable gain amplifier section). 2 the leakage currents (i s and i out ) will induce an offset voltage, however, the offset will be determined by the difference between the leakages of each half of the differential multiplexer. the differential leakage current is multiplied by the feedback resistance (see note 1), to determine offset voltage. because differential leakage current is not a parameter specified on multiplexer data sheets, the most extreme difference (one most positive and one most negative) was used for the calculations in table ii. typical performance will be much better. * *the frequency response and settling will be affected by the on resistance and internal capacitance of the multiplexer. figure 40 shows the settling time vs. on resistance at different gain settings for an ad625 based spga. **switch resistance and leakage current errors can be reduced by using relays. these capacitances may also be incorporated as part of the external input protection circuit (see section on input protec- tion). as a general practice every effort should be made to match the extraneous capacitance at pins 15 and 2, and pins 1 and 16, to preserve high ac cmr. software programmable gain amplifier an spga provides the ability to externally program precision gains from digital inputs. historically, the problem in systems requiring electronic switching of gains has been the on resis- tance (r on ) of the multiplexer, which appears in series with the gain setting resistor r g . this can result in substantial gain errors and gain drifts. the ad625 eliminates this problem by making the gain drive and gain sense pins available (pins 2, 15, 5, 12; see figure 39). consequently the multiplexer s on resistance is removed from the signal current path. this transforms the on resistance error into a small nullable offset error. to clarify this point, an error budget analysis has been performed in table ii based on the spga configuration shown in figure 39. +gain sense +input input rti null rti null +v s +gain drive gain drive nc ref v s v out +v s a1 a2 ad625 10k 10k 10k 10k a3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 gain sense ttl/dtl to cmos level translator decoder/driver 3.9k 975 650 975 3.9k 15.6k 15.6k 20k 20k ad7502 a0 a1 e n v ss v dd gnd v s rto null rto null figure 38. spga in a gain of 16 figure 38 shows an ad625 based spga with possible gains of 1, 4, 16, 64. r g equals the resistance between the gain sense lines (pins 2 and 15) of the ad625. in figure 38, r g equals the sum of the two 975 ? resistors and the 650 ? resistor, or 2600 ? . r f equals the resistance between the gain sense and the gain drive pins (pins 12 and 15, or pins 2 and 5), that is r f equals the 15.6 k ? resistor plus the 3.9 k ? resistor, or 19.5 k ? . the gain, therefore equals: 2 r f r g + 1 = 2(19.5 k ? ) (2.6 k ? ) + 1 = 16 as the switches of the differential multiplexer proceed synchro- nously, r g and r f change, resulting in the various programmed gain settings.
ad625 rev. d C14C gain 1000 1 settling time s 800 400 200 100 80 40 20 10 8 4 2 1 4 16 64 256 1024 4096 r on = 1k r on = 500 r on = 200 r on = 0 figure 40. time to 0.01% of a 20 v step input for spga with ad625 determining spga resistor network values the individual resistors in the gain network can be calculated sequentially using the formula given below. the equation deter- mines the resistors as labeled in figure 41. the feedback resis- tors and the gain setting resistors are interactive, therefore; the formula must be a series where the present term is dependent on the preceding term(s). the formula rkr g g g r f i f j j i i f + = = = = = 1 0 1 1 0 0 20 1 1 0 ( )( ) ? can be used to calculate the necessary feedback resistors for any set of gains. this formula yields a network with a total resistance of 40 k ? . a dummy variable (j) serves as a counter to keep a running total of the preceding feedback resistors. to illustrate how the formula can be applied, an example similar to the calculation used for the resistor network in figure 38 is exam- ined below. 1) unity gain is treated as a separate case. it is implemented with separate 20 k ? feedback resistors as shown in figure 41. it is then ignored in further calculations. 2) before making any calculations it is advised to draw a resistor network similar to the network in figure 41. the network will have (2 m) + 1 resistors, where m = number of gains. for figure 38 m = 3 (4, 16, 64), therefore, the resistor string will have seven resistors (plus the two 20 k ? side resistors for unity gain). 3) begin all calculations with g 0 = 1 and r f 0 = 0. r f 1 = (20 k ? r f 0 ) (1 1/4): r f 0 = 0 r f 1 = 15 k ? r f 2 = [20 k ? ( r f 0 + r f 1 )] (1 4/16): r f 0 + r f 1 = 15 k ? r f 2 = 3.75 k ? r f 3 = [20 k ? ( r f 0 + r f 1 + r f 2 )] (1 16/64): r f 0 + r f 1 + r f 2 = 18.75 k ? r f 3 = 937.5 ? 4) the center resistor (r g of the highest gain setting), is deter- mined last. its value is the remaining resistance of the 40 k ? string, and can be calculated with the equation: rk r gf j j m = = ( ) 40 2 0 ? r g = 40 k ? 2 (r f 0 + r f 1 + r f 2 + r f 3 ) 40 k ? ?3 9.375 k ? = 625 ? 5) if different resistor values are desired, all the resistors in the network can be scaled by some convenient factor. however, raising the impedance will increase the rto errors, lowering the total network resistance below 20 k ? can result in ampli- fier instability. more information on this phenomenon is given in the rpga section of the data sheet. the scale factor will not affect the unity gain feedback resistors. the resistor network in figure 38 has a scaling factor of 650/625 = 1.04, if this factor is used on r f 1 , r f 2 , r f 3 , and r g , then the resis- tor values will match exactly. 6) round off errors can be cumulative, therefore, it is advised to carry as many significant digits as possible until all the values have been calculated. ad75xx to gain sense (pin 2) 20k rf 1 20k rf 2 rf n rf g rf n rf 2 to gain sense (pin 15) to gain drive (pin 5) to gain drive (pin 12) connect if unity gain is desired connect if unity gain is desired figure 41. resistors for a gain setting network
ad625 rev. d C15C C15C outline dimensions dimensions shown in inches and (mm). 16-lead plastic dip (n-16) 16 18 9 pin 1 0.755 (19.18) 0.745 (18.93) 0.26 (6.61) 0.24 (6.1) seating plane 0.17 (4.32) max 0.02 (0.508) 0.015 (0.381) 0.175 (4.45) 0.12 (3.05) 0.065 (1.66) 0.045 (1.15) 0.015 (2.67) 0.095 (2.42) 0.14 (3.56) 0.12 (3.05) 0.012 (0.305) 0.008 (0.203) 0.306 (7.78) 0.294 (7.47) 20-terminal leadless chip carrier (e-20a) 1 20 4 9 8 13 19 14 3 18 bottom view 0.040 45 (1.02 45 ) ref 3 plcs 0.050 (1.27) 0.350 0.008 (8.89 0.20) sq 0.082 0.018 (2.085 0.455) 0.20 45 (0.51 45 ) ref 0.025 0.003 (0.635 0.075) 16-lead ceramic dip (d-16) 16 1 8 9 pin 1 0.800 0.010 20.32 0.254 0.265 (6.73) 0.290 0.010 (7.37 0.254) 0.430 (10.922) 0.040r 0.310 0.01 7 .874 0.254) seating plane 0.095 (2.41) 0.180 0.03 (4.57 0.762) 0.125 (3.175) min 0.035 0.01 (0.889 0.254) 0.047 0.007 (1.19 0.18) 0.100 (254) bsc 0.017 +0.003 0.002 0.43 +0.076 0.05 0.700 (17.78) bsc 0.085 (2.159) 0.010 0.002 (0.254 0.05) 0.300 (7.62) ref c00780cC0C6/00 (rev. d) printed in u.s.a.

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